EGCG Green Tea

EGCG Green Tea Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), also known as Epigallocatechin 3-gallate, is the ester of epigallocatechin and gallic acid and a type of catechin. EGCG is the most abundant catechin in most notably tea, among other plants, and is also a potent antioxidant that may have therapeutic properties for many disorders including cancer. It is found in green tea, but not black tea, as EGCG is converted into thearubigins in black teas. EGCG can be found in many supplements. EGCG and HIV There has been research investigating the benefit of EGCG from green tea in the treatment of HIV infection, where EGCG has been shown to reduce plaques related to AIDS related dementia in the laboratory, as well as block gp120 However, these effects have yet to be confirmed in live human trials, and it does not imply that green tea will cure or block HIV infection, but it may help regulate viral load as long as it is not involved in adverse drug reactions. The concentrations of EGCG used in the studies could not be reached by drinking green tea. More study into EGCG and HIV is currently underway. EGCG and Cancer There is increasing evidence to show that EGCG, along with other flavonoids, can be beneficial in treating brain, prostate, cervical and bladder cancers. EGCG has been shown to bind and inhibit the anti-apoptotic protein which has been implicated in cancer cell survival. Drug Interactions A recent study using mouse models at the University of Southern California showed that, in contrast to the myriad benefits commonly associated with green tea and green tea extract (GTE), EGCG binds with the anti-cancer drug Velcade, significantly reducing its bioavailability and thereby rendering it therapeutically useless. Dr. Schönthal, who headed the study, suggests that consumption of green tea and GTE products be strongly contraindicated for patients undergoing treatment for multiple myeloma and mantle cell lymphoma. EGCG - In the future you're going to see these initials quite often. Epigallocatechin Gallate is an anti-oxidant polyphenol found mostly in green tea. EGCG may have health benefit as a nutritional supplement for cancer, atherosclerosis, blood sugar control, HPV virus infection, and neurodegenerative diseases. However, until long term human research is available, it is best to not take too high doses of EGCG on a daily basis. Many substances are healthy to use in lower amounts but could potentially cause harm if taken in excessive dosages. One option is to take an EGCG supplement 2 or 3 times a week. Green Tea Extract offers a convenient way to get the benefits of green tea in a highly concentrated green tea pill form. This green tea extract is standardized for bioflavonoid-like antioxidants known as polyphenols, particularly (-)-Epigallocatechin Gallate (EGCG).  EGCG has been found in scientific studies to be a potent antioxidant. Green tea antioxidants are likely to become more popular with time. Cancer EGCG induces apoptosis in human cancer cell lines. EGCG inhibits telomerase and DNA methyltransferase, two enzymes involved in cancer gene expression and cellular immortality. Antioxidant EGCG's anti-oxidant action protects cells from lipid peroxidation and DNA damage induced by reactive free radicals. Blood thinning Platelet aggregation induced by the C-terminal peptide of thrombospondin-1 (4N1-1) is inhibited by epigallocatechin gallate but not by prostaglandin E1. Platelets. 2004 Nov;15(7):455-7. Medizinische Universitatspoliklinik Bonn, Bonn, Germany. The C-terminal peptide of thrombospondin (4N1-1) stimulates distinct signalling pathways but induces an activation-independent platelet aggregation. This study demonstrates inhibitory effects of epigallocatechin gallate ( EGCG , a major flavonoid component of green tea, on 4N1-1-induced aggregation of washed human platelets. Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), but not other catechins from green tea, concentration-dependently inhibited 4N1-1-induced platelet aggregation. Thus, dietary components, such as EGCG, may inhibit platelet function even under conditions, when 'classical' platelet inhibitors, such as cAMP-elevating agents, are not effective. Leukemia A component of green tea known as epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) [epi-gallo-cat-ekin-3-gal-ate] helps kill leukemia cells by interrupting the communication signals they need to survive. EGCG and endothelial function in regards to heart disease Acute EGCG Supplementation Reverses Endothelial Dysfunction in Patients with Coronary Artery Disease. J Am Coll Nutr. 2007 Apr;26(2):95-102. Widlansky ME, Hamburg NM, Anter E, Holbrook M, Kahn DF, Elliott JG, Keaney JF, Vita JA. Section of Cardiology, Boston Medical Center, 88 East Newton Street, Boston, MA. We hypothesized that dietary supplementation with epigallocatechin gallate, a major catechin in tea, would improve endothelial function in humans. We examined the effects of EGCG on endothelial function in a double blind, placebo-controlled, crossover design study. We measured brachial artery flow-mediated dilation by vascular ultrasound at six time points: prior to treatment with EGCG or placebo, two hours after an initial dose of EGCG (300 mg) or placebo, and after two weeks of treatment with EGCG (150 mg twice daily) or placebo. The order of treatments (EGCG or placebo) was randomized and there was a one-week washout period between treatments. A total of 42 subjects completed the study, and brachial artery flow-mediated dilation improved from 7 to 8.6 two hours after the first dose of 300 mg of EGCG, but was similar to baseline (7.8) after two weeks of treatment with the final measurements made approximately 14 hours after the last dose. Placebo treatment had no significant effect, and there were no changes in reactive hyperemia or the response to sublingual nitroglycerin. The changes in vascular function paralleled plasma EGCG concentrations, which increased from 2.6 to 92 ng/ml after acute EGCG, but were unchanged from baseline after two weeks of treatment (3.4). EGCG acutely improves endothelial function in humans with coronary artery disease, and may account for a portion of the beneficial effects of flavonoid-rich food on endothelial function.    My comments: I am not sure how to interpret this study. It appears that there is improvement initially but then in the long run no overall major change was noted. Unless I am misinterpreting this study. Any statisticians out there who can help? My friend Lou Mancano, M.D., offered this opinion:  "While I applaud their efforts, I think one should be cautious before we can draw conclusions from this EGCG study. Here are some limitations: One major one is that there were no clinical outcomes measured; second, there was an assumption that a response in a brachial artery would be replicated in a coronary artery (we know that different parts of our anatomy respond differently to supplements and medications); third, we shouldn't automatically conclude that higher blood flow is necessarily better (could flow velocity and dilatation induce plaque rupture, as we indirectly discovered with sublingual nifedipine 10 or 15 years ago?); fourth, we cannot make any sound recommendations on the optimal dose or frequency of EGCG use. I’d recommend waiting for more studies…especially something with measurable clinical outcomes.  About the flow rate you asked about. Either that level of change is insignificant, or if it is, the fact that it was not sustained at 2 weeks renders it insignificant (possibly the body makes an adjustment - we all know our bodies (nature) is always smarter than the substances we place within it)." Alzheimer's Disease Green tea epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) modulates amyloid precursor protein cleavage and reduces cerebral amyloidosis in Alzheimer transgenic mice. J Neurosci. 2005 Sep 21;25(38):8807-14. Silver Child Development Center, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder pathologically characterized by deposition of beta-amyloid (Abeta) peptides as senile plaques in the brain. Recent studies suggest that green tea flavonoids may be used for the prevention and treatment of a variety of neurodegenerative diseases. Here, we report that EGCG, the main polyphenolic constituent of green tea, reduces Abeta generation in both murine neuron-like cells (N2a) transfected with the human "Swedish" mutant amyloid precursor protein (APP) and in primary neurons derived from Swedish mutant APP-overexpressing mice (Tg APPsw line 2576). In concert with these observations, we find that EGCG markedly promotes cleavage of the alpha-C-terminal fragment of APP and elevates the N-terminal APP cleavage product, soluble APP-alpha. These cleavage events are associated with elevated alpha-secretase activity and enhanced hydrolysis of tumor necrosis factor alpha-converting enzyme, a primary candidate alpha-secretase. As a validation of these findings in vivo, we treated Tg APPsw transgenic mice overproducing Abeta with EGCG and found decreased Abeta levels and plaques associated with promotion of the nonamyloidogenic alpha-secretase proteolytic pathway. These data raise the possibility that EGCG dietary supplementation may provide effective prophylaxis for AD. Weight Loss The big boys are on it now. Enviga, a sparkling green tea containing green tea extracts, calcium, and caffeine was conceived by Beverage Partners Worldwide (BPW) -- a joint venture of Nestle S.A. and The Coca-Cola Company. "Enviga increases calorie burning. It represents the perfect partnership of science and nature," said Dr. Rhona Applebaum, chief scientist, The Coca- Cola Company. "Enviga contains the optimum blend of green tea extracts ( EGCG ), caffeine and naturally active plant micronutrients designed to work with your body to increase calorie burning, thus creating a negative calorie effect. It makes this product stand out as unique. Enviga brings the benefits of green tea to the forefront in a convenient and accessible, great tasting beverage." The Nestle Research Center in Lausanne, Switzerland, has studied the properties and benefits of green tea for decades as part of its extensive global tea business. A recent study conducted by the Center in collaboration with the University of Lausanne revealed that consuming the equivalent of three Enviga beverages over the course of the day resulted in a noticeable increase in calorie burning. "The accumulated body of scientific research shows the ability of green tea's powerful antioxidant EGCGto speed up metabolism and increase energy use, especially when combined with caffeine," said Nestle researcher Dr. Hilary Green. Studies have shown that when EGCG and caffeine are present at the levels comparable to that in three cans of Enviga, healthy subjects in the lean to normal weight range can experience an average increase in calorie burning by 60 - 100 calories. EGCG is a naturally occurring antioxidant in tea, including green tea. Enviga provides 90 mg of EGCG in each serving. "We've seen a shift in consumers' attitudes toward diet and health and wellness, with more consumers seeking product choices that support active lifestyles, rather than dieting," said John Hackett, senior vice president, Coca-Cola North America Marketing. "Enviga is a great tasting beverage that invigorates your metabolism to gently burn calories, and it's a positive step people can take as part of a balanced lifestyle -- like taking the stairs." Enviga will be available in three delicious flavors -- green tea, berry and peach -- in the ready-to-drink tea section at supermarkets, mass merchandisers, convenience and drug stores, and club stores. Enviga will be sold in individual 12-ounce sleek cans as well as six-can and 12-can multi-packs. Suggested retail price for Enviga will be $1.29 - $1.49 (single can). "Enviga brings together Nestle's expertise in nutritional science and extensive knowledge in the benefits of green tea with Coca-Cola's consumer, marketing and distribution resources to create a new global beverage category with unique consumer benefits -- a beverage with negative calories," said Leslie Novos, CEO of Beverage Partners Worldwide.      Dr. Sahelian says: I think it is premature to make the claim that ingesting Enviga leads to long term weight loss. I am concerned about the overstimulation of heart muscle when so much green tea and caffeine are ingested in Enviga. It is possible that many people will continue drinking their coffee throughout the day while ingesting one or more cans of Enviga, hence potentially increasing their blood pressure and causing heart problems. Effect of long-term oral administration of green tea extract on weight gain and glucose tolerance in Zucker diabetic (ZDF) rats. J Herb Pharmacother. 2005;5(3):55-65.Botanical Center in Vivo Care, 700 West State St, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA. There have been some claims that green tea reduces weight and lowers blood glucose in diabetes. Intraperitoneal injections of green tea catechins in diabetic rats have shown beneficial effects. To determine if oral administration of green tea would prevent development of diabetes, young Zucker diabetic rats were dosed with green tea extract containing 50-125 mg/kg of EGCG starting at 7 weeks of age, before the appearance of excessive weight gain and glucose elevation. While there was a trend toward lower weight gain and average daily glucose, there was no statistically significant difference. EGCG and Caffeine Combination Effects of encapsulated green tea and Guarana extracts containing a mixture of epigallocatechin-3-gallate and caffeine on 24 h energy expenditure and fat oxidation in men. Br J Nutr. 2005 Sep;94(3):432-6. Division of Kinesiology, Laval University, Ste-Foy, Quebec, Canada, G1K 7P4. It has been reported that green tea has a thermogenic effect, due to its caffeine content and probably also to the catechin, EGCG. The main aim of the present study was to compare the effect of a mixture of green tea and Guarana extracts containing a fixed dose of caffeine and variable doses of EGCG on 24 h energy expenditure and fat oxidation. Fourteen subjects took part to this randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind, cross-over study. Each subject was tested five times in a metabolic chamber to measure 24 h energy expenditure, substrate oxidation and blood pressure. During each stay, the subjects ingested a capsule of placebo or capsules containing 200 mg caffeine and a variable dose of EGCG (90, 200, 300 or 400 mg) three times daily, 30 min before standardized meals. Twenty-four hour energy expenditure increased significantly by about 750 kJ with all EGCG caffeine mixtures compared with placebo. No effect of the EGCG caffeine mixture was observed for lipid oxidation. Systolic and diastolic blood pressure increased by about 7 and 5 mmHg, respectively, with the EGCG caffeine mixtures compared with placebo. This increase was significant only for 24 h diastolic blood pressure. The main finding of the study was the increase in 24 h energy expenditure with the EGCG caffeine mixtures. However, this increase was similar with all doses of EGCG in the mixtures. Diabetes A rodent study shows EGCG to have promise as a remedy for diabetes. Epigallocatechin gallate supplementation alleviates diabetes in rodents. J Nutr. 2006 Oct;136(10):2512-8. DSM Nutritional Products Ltd, Department of Human Nutrition and Health, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland. This study investigated the antidiabetic effects of the most abundant green tea catechin, epigallocatechin gallate ( EGCG, TEAVIGO ), in rodent models of type 2 diabetes mellitus and H4IIE rat hepatoma cells. We assessed glucose and insulin tolerance in db/db mice and ZDF rats after they ingested EGCG. Using gene microarray and real-time quantitative RT-PCR we investigated the effect of EGCG on gene expression in H4IIE rat hepatoma cells as well as in liver and adipose tissue of db/db mice. EGCG improved oral glucose tolerance and blood glucose in food-deprived rats in a dose-dependent manner. Plasma concentrations of triacylglycerol were reduced and glucose-stimulated insulin secretion was enhanced. In H4IIE cells, EGCG downregulated genes involved in gluconeogenesis and the synthesis of fatty acids, triacylgycerol, and cholesterol. EGCG decreased the mRNA expression of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase in H4IIE cells as well as in liver and adipose tissue of db/db mice. Glucokinase mRNA expression was upregulated in the liver of db/db mice in a dose-dependent manner. This study shows that EGCG beneficially modifies glucose and lipid metabolism in H4IIE cells and markedly enhances glucose tolerance in diabetic rodents. Dietary supplementation with EGCG could potentially contribute to nutritional strategies for the prevention and treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Human Papilloma Virus Protective effects of green tea extracts (polyphenon E and EGCG) on human cervical lesions. Eur J Cancer Prev. 2003 Oct;12(5):383-90. Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea. We investigated clinical efficacy of green tea extracts (polyphenon E; poly E and (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate [ EGCG ]) delivered in a form of ointment or capsule in patients with human papilloma virus (HPV) infected cervical lesions. Fifty-one patients with cervical lesions (chronic cervicitis, mild dysplasia, moderate dysplasia and severe dysplasia) were divided into four groups, as compared with 39 untreated patients as a control. Poly E ointment was applied locally to 27 patients twice a week. For oral delivery, a 200 mg of poly E or EGCG capsule was taken orally every day for eight to 12 weeks. In the study, 20 out of 27 patients (74%) under poly E ointment therapy showed a response. Six out of eight patients under poly E ointment plus poly E capsule therapy (75%) showed a response, and three out of six patients (50%) under poly E capsule therapy showed a response. Six out of 10 patients (60%) under EGCG capsule therapy showed a response. Overall, a 69% response rate (35/51) was noted for treatment with green tea extracts, as compared with a 10% response rate (4/39) in untreated controls (P<0.05). Thus, the data collected here demonstrated that green tea extracts in a form of ointment and capsule are effective for treating cervical lesions, suggesting that green tea extracts can be a potential therapy regimen for patients with HPV infected cervical lesions. EGCG content in Cup of Green Tea I am estimating, based on the study listed below, that the amount of EGCG or catechins found in a cup of green tea averages to about 100 mg. This is a rough estimate. Total phenol, catechin, and caffeine contents of teas commonly consumed in the United kingdom. J Agric Food Chem. 2002 Jan 30;50(3):565-70. Khokhar S, Magnusdottir SG. Procter Department of Food Science, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom. Levels of total phenol, catechins, and caffeine in teas commonly consumed in the United Kingdom have been determined using reversed phase high-performance liquid chromatography. Tea bags or tea leaves were purchased from local supermarkets and extracted in boiling water for 5 min. The resulting data showed considerable variability in both total phenols [80-134 mg/g of dry matter (DM) in black teas and 87-106 mg/g of DM in green teas] and catechins (5-47, 51-84, and 8-13 mg/g of DM in black, green, and fruit teas, respectively); this was most probably a result of differing agronomic conditions, leaf age, and storage during and after transport, as well as the degree of fermentation. Caffeine contents of black teas (22-28 mg/g of DM) were significantly higher than in less fermented green teas (11-20 mg/g of DM). The relative concentration of the five major tea catechins ranked EGCG > ECG > EC > EGC > C. The estimated U.K. dietary intakes of total tea catechins, calculated on the basis of an average tea consumption of three cups of tea (200 mL cup, 1% tea leaves w/v), were 61, 92, and 405 mg/day from fruit teas, black teas, and green teas, respectively. The calculated caffeine intake ranged between 92 and 146 mg/day. In addition, many individuals will consume much larger quantities of tea, of various strengths (as determined by the brewing conditions employed). EGCG oral dosage study A single ascending dose study of epigallocatechin gallate in healthy volunteers. J Int Med Res. 2003 Mar-Apr;31(2):88-101. Roche Vitamins Ltd, Human Nutrition and Health, Research and Development, Basel, Switzerland. This study assessed the safety, tolerability and plasma kinetic behavior of single oral doses of 94% pure crystalline bulk EGCG under fasting conditions in 60 healthy male volunteers. In each group of 10 subjects, eight received oral EGCG in single doses of 50 mg, 100 mg, 200 mg, 400 mg, 800 mg or 1600 mg, and two received placebo. In each dosage group, the kinetic profile revealed rapid absorption with a one-peak plasma concentration versus time course, followed by a multiphasic decrease consisting of a distribution phase and an elimination phase. The mean AUC (0-infinity) of total EGCG varied between 442 and 10,368 ng.h/ml. The according mean Cmax values ranged from 130 to 3392 ng/ml and were observed after 1.3-2.2 h. The mean t1/2z values were seen between 1.9 and 4.6 h. Single oral doses of EGCG up to 1600 mg were safe and very well tolerated.   Source: raysahelian.com Feature articles on EGCG: Green Tea Nutrients Prevent Leukemia 8/25/2009 - (NaturalNews) One of the potent antioxidants found in green tea may slow and possibly even reverse the progress of leukemia. Scientists have been aware since 1970s that green tea can help fight cancer, as demonstrated by lower cancer rates in countries... Green Tea and Breast Cancer Prevention: What the Experts Say 2/20/2009 - (NaturalNews) How effective is green tea at preventing, reversing or treating breast cancer? And can green tea help improve the outcome of chemotherapy for patients who choose chemical poisons as their treatment of choice? I searched through my library... Green Tea Benefits Type 1 Diabetes and Sjogren’s Syndrome 12/2/2008 - (NaturalNews) With its wide-ranging and well-known array of health benefits, green tea is becoming ever more popular as a daily beverage. And a recent study carried out on mice at the Medical College of Georgia in Augusta has found that a compound present The Fabulous Five: Compounds Found Most Effective Against Cancer 10/21/2008 - (NaturalNews) Research is rapidly identifying the compounds from plants that are most effective against cancer. Among those that are proving to be the front line of defense against an initial diagnosis of cancer and to prevent recurrence are DIM, curcumin,... Green Tea Nutrient EGCG Blocks Diabetes-Promoting Effects of High Fructose Corn Syrup 2/19/2008 - (NaturalNews) While new research suggests that beverages containing high fructose corn syrup may increase a person's risk of contracting diabetes, the same study has also found evidence that a chemical in tea vastly counterbalances the cell-damaging effect... Green tea found to ease inflammation, arthritis pain 12/31/2007 - A new study has found that a compound in green tea may help people with rheumatoid arthritis avoid inflammation and joint damage. The study, conducted by University of Michigan researchers, was presented April 29 at the Experimental Biology 2007 conference... Green tea extract may help prevent type-2 diabetes through improved glucose tolerance 10/10/2006 - (NaturalNews) A new study by DSM Nutritional Products shows that epigallocatechin gallate, commonly known as EGCG, improves glucose tolerance in diabetic rodents and could be a positive addition to dietary prevention of type 2 diabetes, if the results... Green tea chemical shows protective effect against Huntington's disease 9/9/2006 - (NaturalNews) -- New research published in the September issue of the journal Human Molecular Genetics has shown that the green tea extract epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) may interfere with the accumulation of proteins in the brain that cause Huntington's... Green Tea and the “Asian Paradox” (press release) 7/13/2006 - There is a lower incidence of cardiovascular disease and cancer in Asia where people smoke heavily, which may be accounted for by high consumption of tea, particularly green tea, according to a review article published by a Yale School of Medicine researcher. Our product, EGCG is a kind of component extracted from the Chinese green tea. It is the mainly active and water-soluble component from green tea, whose content is the highest in the tea catechins. It accounts for 9-13% of green tea in net weight. By virtue of its peculiar stereochemical structure, EGCG possesses much stronger anti-oxidant activities and plays an important role in preventing from cancer and cardiovascular diseases. In addition,it is potently used as the reversal agent of MDR (Multidrug Resistance), which may improve the sensitivity of the cancer cell to the chemotherapy drug and reduce the toxicity on the heart. Biological effects: (-)-Epigallocatechin gallate (egcg), an most potent antioxidant polyphenols of green tea, is associated with antioxidant, antitumor and antimutagenic activities. The antioxidant activity is at lest 100 times effective than vitamin C and 25 timeseffective than vitamin E at protecting cells and DNA from damage which are believed to be linked to cancer, heart disease and other potentially fatal illnesses. The biological benefits of EGCG are generally attributed to their antioxidant activity to scavenge free radical oxygen. EGCG is the major component of the polyphenolic fraction of green tea. It makes up about 10-50% of the total green tea catechins includeing epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), epigallocatechin (EGC), epicatechin gallate(ECG), epicatechin(EC), gallocatechin gallate (GCG), catechin are major catechin of green tea catechin. The antioxidant activity increased in the following order: EC<ECG<EGC<EGCG. Many studies indicate EGCG plays a role, which protects aganist free-radical DNA damage, protects aganist the effects of ionizing radiation and ultraviolet radiation, ;inhibits lipid peroxidation, decreases serum cholesterol levels, LDL, VLDL and triglycerides, interferes with the binding of cancer-causing agents to cellular DNA, helps to neutralize dietary carcinogens, works with enzymes and other antioxidants in the intestine, liver and lungs to prevent the activation of certain carcinogens before they damage DNA. As a free radicals scavenger, EGCG combats the effects of pollution, sunlight and smoking, helps skin from wrinkling and aging. Safety: Green tea consumption of as much as 20 cups per day has not been assoiated with any significant side effects. Acute studies reported the oral LD50 of EGCG in mice was 2170mg/kg bw. Application: Medicine, Health food, Food, Beverage, Cosmetics and Beverage, etc. What is EGCG? OPCs typically consist of four chemically similar molecules, each having varying degrees of antioxidant ability. The least potent is epicatechin (EC), followed by epigallocatechin (EGC), epicatechin gallate (ECG), and finally, epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), the most potent of the four. Not all OPCs contain EGCG, so it is important to look for EGCG content in OPC products. While pine bark and grape seed are the preferred source of OPC, it has recently been proven that green tea contains more than either one.  However, more of one form of OPC does not necessarily mean better results. ECs, EGCs, and ECGs provide unique health benefits as well. As with any supplement, it is important to read up on and learn the antioxidant properties, as well as the EGCG content of certain products you are considering. Be sure to consider what health benefits you are striving to achieve before choosing the dietary supplement that is right for you. Remember that, although EGCG is the most potent of all OPC antioxidant molecules, ECs, EGCs, and ECGs are also quite beneficial.  The benefits of ECGC 's are quite stong!     EGCG - potent extract of green tea by Hoffman Center Staff Archeological evidence suggests that tea leaves steeped in boiling water were consumed as many as 5,000 years ago. Botanical evidence indicates that India and China were among the first countries to cultivate tea. Although the English are known for their love of tea, Americans invented the tea bag and began the practice of drinking iced tea in the early 1900s. Today, hundreds of millions of people drink tea around the world, and studies are now suggesting that one variety of tea in particular -- green tea (Camellia sinensis) -- has many health benefits. The plant Camellia sinensis yields both green and black tea. The tea plant has long been cultivated in China. It's an evergreen shrub or tree that can grow to a height of 30 feet, but is usually maintained at a height of 2 to 3 feet by regular pruning. The shrub is heavily branched, with young hairy leaves. The parts used are the leaf bud, and the two adjacent young leaves together with the stem, broken between the second and third leaf. Older leaves are considered inferior in quality. Green tea is produced by lightly steaming the fresh cut leaf, and the production of black tea involves allowing the leaves to oxidize. During oxidation, enzymes present in the tea convert polyphenols, which possess outstanding therapeutic action, to a different compound with different pharmacological effects. With green tea, oxidation doesn't take place because the steaming process inactivates these enzymes. Green tea is very high in polyphenols with potent antioxidant and anti-cancer properties. Oolong tea is partially oxidized. Of the nearly 2.5 million tons of dried tea produced each year, only 20% is green tea. In other words, nearly four times as much black tea is produced and consumed compared to green tea. India and Sri Lanka are the major producers of black tea. Green tea is produced primarily in China, Japan and a few countries in North Africa and the Middle East. The chemical composition of green tea varies with climate, season, horticultural practices, and age of the leaf (position of the leaf on the harvested shoot). The major components of interest are the polyphenols. The term polyphenol denotes the presence of multiple phenolic rings (A phenolic ring is a 6-carbon benzene ring with an attached hydroxyl (OH) group -- also referred to as the hydroxyl functional group). The major polyphenols in green tea are flavonoids (e.g., catechin, epicatechin, epicatechin gallate, epigallocatechin gallate ( EGCG), and proanthocyanidins). Epigallocatechin gallate is viewed as the most significant active component. The leaf bud and first leaves are richest in epigallocatechin gallate. The usual concentration of total polyphenols in dried green tea leaves is around 8 to 12 percent. Other compounds of interest in dried green tea leaves include caffeine (3.5 %), an amino acid known as theanine (4%), lignan (6.5 %), organic acids (1.5 %), protein (15%), and chlorophyll (0.5%). One cup of green tea will contain approximately 300 to 400 mg of polyphenols, but remember, only 8 to 12 percent of the entire cup will be polyphenols and a smaller portion will be of the most beneficial polyphenol epigallocatechin gallate. Most of the studies on green tea have focused on the cancer protective aspects. Green tea polyphenols are potent antioxidant compounds that have demonstrated greater antioxidant protection than vitamins C and E in experimental studies. In addition to exerting antioxidant activity on its own, green tea may increase the activity of antioxidant enzymes. In one interesting study from the journal Cancer Research, mice were fed green tea polyphenols via their drinking water for 30 days. Researchers discovered a significant increase in the activity of antioxidant and detoxifying enzymes (glutathione peroxidation, glutathione reductase and glutathione S transferase, catalase and quinine reductase) in the small intestine, liver, and lungs. Let's examine the clinical applications of EGCG and look further into the research. Clinical applications Atherosclerosis Population-based and clinical studies indicate that the antioxidant properties of green tea may help prevent atherosclerosis, particularly coronary artery disease. (Population-based studies refers to studies that follow large groups of people over time and/or studies that are comparing groups of people living in different cultures or with different dietary habits, etc.) In clinical practice, I employ 70% EGCG as a potent tool in my nutritional arsenal not only as an antioxidant, but to address arterial inflammation. Highly sensitive C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) is a marker of arterial inflammation. Inflammation is also believed to play a role in heart disease; EGCG is a potent anti-inflammatory. According to Japanese research, green tea reduces the levels of LDL or 'bad' blood cholesterol, thereby reducing the risk of coronary heart disease. European studies have found that regular consumption of tea protects against heart disease, with one study documenting that the risk was 36 per cent lower for tea drinkers. It is believed that the polyphenols in tea help prevent arthrosclerosis. Preliminary research also indicates that tea polyphenols may reduce the activity of platelets, which are the clotting agents of the blood. This is good, because 'sticky' blood is more likely to form artery-blocking clots. Green tea has demonstrated an ability to lower total cholesterol and raise HDL ("good") cholesterol in both animals and people. One population-based study found that men who drink green tea are more likely to have lower total cholesterol than those who do not drink green tea. Results from one animal study suggest that polyphenols in green tea may block the intestinal absorption of cholesterol and promote its excretion from the body. EGCG has been reported to inhibit lipid peroxidation, an oxidative process implicated in several pathologic conditions, including atherosclerosis (Pietta et al.,1996). Keep in mind that the oxidation of LDL-cholesterol might be associated with an increased risk of heart disease. In a cross-cultural correlation study of sixteen cohorts, known as the Seven Countries Study, the average flavanol intake was inversely correlated with mortality rates of coronary heart disease after 25 years of follow-up (Hertog et al., 1995; Hollman et al.,1999). Cancer The cancer-protective effects of green tea have been reported in several population-based studies. For example, cancer rates tend to be low in countries such as Japan where green tea is regularly consumed. However, it is not possible to determine from these population-based studies whether green tea actually prevents cancer in people. Emerging animal and clinical studies are beginning to suggest that EGCG may play an important role in the prevention of cancer. It has been suggested that EGCG and other tea catechins suppress tumor promotion by inhibiting the release of tumor necrosis factor-alpha, which is believed to stimulate tumor promotion and progression of initiated cells as well as premalignant cells (Fujiki et al., 2000). Furthermore, EGCG was shown to reduce specific binding of both the 12-Otetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA)-type and the okadaic acid-type tumor promoters (the two major classes of tumor-promoting agents) to their receptors. This "sealing" effect of EGCG is achieved by its interaction with the phospholipid bilayer of the cell membrane (Fujiki et al., 1999). This is one reason why I will typically administer EGCG with glycophospholipids such as NT factor or phosphatidyl choline When non-Hodgkin's lymphoma cells were transplanted into mice, green tea prevented 50% of the tumors from taking hold and significantly inhibited growth of the tumors (Leukemia 2000 Aug;14(8):1477-82). Bladder cancer A few studies have examined the relationship between bladder cancer and green tea consumption. In one study that compared people with and without bladder cancer, researchers found that women who drank black tea and powdered green tea were less likely to develop bladder cancer. A follow-up study by the same group of researchers revealed that bladder cancer patients (particularly men) who drank green tea had a substantially better 5-year survival rate than those who did not. Breast cancer Studies suggest that EGCG inhibits the growth of breast cancer cells, both in live animals and test tubes. A Japanese study comparing 472 women with breast cancer who drank differing amounts of green tea indicates that EGCG may decrease both the severity of the initial diagnosis and the likelihood of recurrence. The researchers found that the women with Stage I, II and III breast cancers that drank five or more cups of green tea per day were less likely to have cancer that spread to the nymph nodes. In addition, the greater consumption of green tea by women with Stage I or II breast cancer was associated with lower incidence of recurrence. No correlation was shown with women who had Stage III cancers. Another Japanese study showed less overall incidence of cancer among 8,000 people who drank ten or more cups of green tea a day. Colorectal cancer One of the main reasons I began my research into sourcing and formulating a potent EGCG supplement was due to my family history of colon cancer (as well as prostate cancer). A study at the Linus Pauling Institute at Oregon State University on mice that were genetically predisposed to develop tumors in their intestines revealed after 12 weeks of treatment that mice that were given green tea had significantly fewer tumors than mice that received no treatment (Carcinogenesis, February 2003). Phenol sulsotransferases are involved in cancer growth, and EGCG was shown to inhibit this activity in a human colon cancer call line (Biol Pharm Bull 2000 Jun;23(6):695-9). Chinese scientists discovered that EGCG inhibits angiogenesis (the production of new blood vessels) in mice inoculated with human colon cancer. This blocking of new blood vessel growth may be an important part of the overall anti-cancer action of polyphenols, since it impedes tumor growth. Esophageal cancer Studies in laboratory animals have found that green tea polyphenols inhibit the growth of esophageal cancer cells. However, results of studies in people have been conflicting. In fact, some evidence suggests the hotter the tea (or any other hot beverage), the greater the risk of developing esophageal cancer. However, researchers reporting on a case-control study, found that Chinese men and women who drink green tea have a reduced risk of up to 60 percent of developing esophageal cancer (Journal of the National Cancer Institute, June 1, 1994). Lung cancer Consumption of green tea was found to be associated with a reduced risk of lung cancer among non-smokers but not among smokers. Also among non-smokers, the risks of lung cancer decreased with increasing tea consumption. (Epidemiology 2001 Nov; 12(6):695-700). Treatment of human lung cancer cell line A549 cells with EGCG significantly inhibited the expression levels of hnRNP B1 mRNA and the elevated levels of hnRNP B1 protein, both of which are constitutively elevated in cancer cells. Furthermore, both EGCG inhibited the promoter activity of hnRNP A2/B1 gene expression, preventing lung cancer (International Journal of Onclology 20: 1233-1239, 2002). Pancreatic cancer Researchers in Japan determined whether EGCG affects proliferative and invasive activity of human pancreatic carcinoma cells. The results indicate that the growth of all three pancreatic carcinoma cells (PANC-1, MIA PaCa-2 and BxPC-3) was significantly suppressed by EGCG treatment in a dose-dependent manner. EGCG may be a potent biologic inhibitor of pancreatic carcinoma, reducing their proliferative and invasive activity (Pancreas, July 2002). Prostate cancer In my opinion, EGCG is the most important component of green tea to the prostate cancer patient. The first evidence of its ability to induce prostate cancer apoptosis (programmed cell death) was published in Cancer Letters back in 1998 (130(1-2):1-7 1998 Aug 14). Its pharmacologic activity extends beyond its action as an anti-oxidant. EGCG acts against urokinase, an enzyme often found in large amounts in human cancers, inhibits ornithine decarboxylase (a rate-limiting enzyme closely associated with tumor promotion), and blocks type 1 5-alpha reductase (5AR). Inhibitors of 5AR may be effective in the treatment of 5 alpha dihydrotestosterone-dependent abnormalities, such as benign prostate hyperplasia, prostate cancer, and certain skin diseases. Urokinase breaks down the basement membrane of cell junctions which may be a key step in the process of tumor cell metastasis as well as tumor growth. EGCG attaches to urokinase and prevents these actions. EGCG was shown to inhibit growth and induce regression of human prostate and breast cancers in athymic mice (Liao S, Umekita Y, Guo J et al. Growth inhibition and regression of human prostate and breast tumors in athymic mice by tea epigallocatechin gallate (Cancer Letters 96:239-243, 1995). Skin cancer Studies suggest that EGCG and green tea polyphenols have anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer properties that may help prevent the onset and growth of skin tumors. Topical application of EGCG may prevent UV-B-induced immunosuppression and precancerous cell changes after UV-B exposure (J Leukoc Biol. 2001;69:719-726). Stomach cancer Laboratory studies have found that green tea polyphenols inhibit the growth of stomach cancer cells in test tubes. The exposure of human stomach cancer KATO III cells to EGCG led to both growth inhibition and the induction of programmed cell death (apoptosis) (Oncol Rep, 5(2):527-9 1998 Mar-Apr). Skin health Interesting research using pooled human keratinocytes (skin cells) to study the normal growth of the skin cells alone and compared it to the growth of the cells when exposed to EGCG, revealed that EGCG reactivated dying skin cells. Cells that migrate toward the surface of the skin normally live about 28 days, and by day 20, they basically sit on the upper layer of the skin getting ready to die and slough off. Current research seems to show that EGCG reactivates them. The skin consists of three layers: the epidermis (outer layer), dermis (mid-layer) and hypodermis (inner layer). Skin researcher Dr. Hsu learned that green tea polyphenols aren't absorbed beyond the epidermis, so any benefits are limited to that outer layer of skin. But the benefits, he stressed, seem significant. Dr. Hsu thinks that EGCG may be a fountain of youth for skin cells. When exposed to EGCG, the old cells found in the upper layers of the epidermis appear to start dividing again. They make DNA and produce more energy. They are reactivated. In addition, the researchers found that EGCG accelerates the differentiation process among new cells. Combining these effects of EGCG on skin cells in different layers of the epidermis, there may be potential benefits for skin conditions as diverse as aphthous ulcers, psoriasis, rosacea, wrinkles and wounds. Perhaps scar tissue could be prevented from forming with EGCG therapy. Diabetics with slow healing wounds may benefit from EGCG supplementation. As a faculty member of the American College for Advancement in Medicine who teaches an anti-aging workshop, all my patients with skin care concerns are put on EGCG. Joint health Since green tea is a potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory (it's been shown to decrease the production of inflammatory prostaglandin E2), it's a great tool to employ for patients with osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, and bursitis. Numerous patients with arthritic complaints feel better while on EGCG, which play a role in their tailored nutritional therapy program of diet, supplementation and exercise. Some interesting research in Europe shows that EGCG protects cartilage destruction in test-tube models of cartilage loss that mimic what happens in the arthritic joint. Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) Green tea may help reduce inflammation associated with Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis, the two types of IBD. In addition, if green tea proves to be helpful for preventing colon cancer, this would be an added benefit for those with IBD because they are at a higher risk for the disease. In a recent study, scientists may have uncovered one of the mechanisms behind this effect. It was determined that EGCG can inhibit interleukin 8 (IL-8), a pro-inflammatory cytokine. Researchers believe their results require further study, and trials are currently underway. I had the pleasure of listening to a lecture in San Antonio Texas at the American College of Nutrition conference in October 2002. I met Dr. Craig J. McClain who is currently using EGCG on IBD patients with very good results. After that conference, I began my research into developing the highest quality EGCG supplement in the United States. Diabetes Green tea has been used traditionally to control blood sugar in the body. Animal studies suggest that green tea may help prevent the development of type 1 diabetes and slow the progression once it has developed. People with type 1 diabetes produce little or no insulin, a hormone that ushers glucose (sugar) into cells. EGCG may help regulate glucose in the body because it has a slight inhibition on carbohydrate digesting enzymes. Though more research in this area is needed, I routinely employ EGCG in all my diabetic patients, particularly due to their increased risk of cardiovascular disease, and for their high requirement for antioxidants. Liver disease Population-based studies have shown that men who drink more than 10 cups of green tea per day are less likely to develop disorders of the liver. Green tea also appears to protect the liver from the damaging effects of toxic substances such as alcohol. Animal studies have shown that green tea helps protect against the development of liver tumors in mice. Results from several animal and human studies suggest that EGCG may help treat viral hepatitis (inflammation of the liver from a virus). Additionally, green tea has hepatoprotective qualities that include killing dangerous intestinal bacterial strains (Clostridium and Escherichia coli) and promoting the growth of friendly bacteria in the intestine; and lowering excessive iron levels in the liver that would interfere with ribavirin and interferon treatment for hepatitis C. Antioxidant properties Researchers at the University of Kansas feel that EGCG is at least 100 times more effective than vitamin C and 25 times better than vitamin E at protecting cells and their genetic material, DNA, from damage believed to be linked to cancer, heart disease and other potentially life-threatening illnesses. EGCG, carries twice the antioxidant punch of resveratrol, found in red wine. University of Kansas researcher Dr. Mitscher says. "I'm not making any claims, but, used in conjunction with a healthful diet and exercise program, it's like an insurance policy. It increases your odds of avoiding or postponing diseases associated with free radicals." The early evidence of antioxidant properties of EGCG came from the experimental data that showed EGCG-induced inhibition of soybean lipoxygenase. (Ho et al., 1992). Later, it was reported that EGCG inhibited TPA-induced oxidative DNA base modification in HeLa cells, inhibited Cu2+-mediated oxidation of low density lipoprotein (LDL), reduced tert-butyl hydroperoxide-induced lipid peroxidation, and blocked the production of reactive oxygen species derived from NADPH-cytochrome P450-mediated oxidation of the cooked meat carcinogen, 2-amino-3methylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoline (Surh, 1999). Green tea, which is water soluble, has another advantage over vitamin E . Excessive amounts of antioxidants found in green tea are excreted by the body. The body absorbs and retains fat-based vitamins such as vitamin E , even at potentially harmful levels. The antioxidant activity of EGCG helps tremendously to combat post muscle exercise soreness. Weight loss Studies suggest that EGCG may boost metabolism and help burn fat. In a French study, resting metabolic rate increased by 4% after 90mg of EGCG was consumed three times per day. Scientists at the University of Chicago's Tang Center for Herbal Medicine Research have found that EGCG caused rats to lose up to 21 percent of their body weight. Rats injected with EGCG derived from green tea leaves lost their appetites and consumed up to 60 percent less food after seven days of daily injections. EGCG seems to desensitize leptin receptors (leptin may play a role in appetite) in the study animals (Endocrinology, March 2003). Researchers suspect that EGCG may work through other hormonal systems that control appetite and body weight that we don't know about yet. I recommend EGCG as part of my weight loss protocols even though I'm not exactly sure how it works. The three theories of EGCG assisted weight loss are increasing metabolic rate, preventing the digestion of some carbohydrate (akin to a "starch blocker" effect), or reducing appetite. I have noticed an increase in my own metabolic rate since regularly taking 70% EGCG. I noticed beneficial effects in my weight loss patients with some saying that they note a reduction in appetite. EGCG is rapidly replacing ephedra as a weight loss supplement. 70% egcg, the ultimate green tea supplement A few green tea products on the market reach a maximum of 55% EGCG. Our green tea extract, sourced and formulated by me personally, contains the highest quantity of EGCG available in supplement form. Each 500 mg capsule contains 70% EGCG. When beginning EGCG as a supplement, it would be wise to make sure you are also taking probiotics. Sometimes I recommend that patients take probiotics one or two weeks prior to introducing EGCG. Additionally, I recommend a change in diet. Remember that EGCG may act as a starch blocker. If Candida overgrowth is present in the intestines, one might experience some mild gastrointestinal discomfort. Additionally, there is some evidence that EGCG is anti-fungal, which can promote a "die off" response that might also induce mild gastrointestinal discomfort. Taking probiotics prior and during EGCG supplementation, while changing your diet (at the very least remove all refined carbohydrates), will prevent any mild gastrointestinal discomfort. I developed our green tea extract to be free of caffeine, so it is not a stimulant, and is safe for caffeine sensitive individuals, or for those wishing to remain caffeine free. Additionally, our EGCG is free of vitamin K, making it safe to take with blood thinning medication. EGCG should not be used during pregnancy. References 1. Anderson JW, Diwadkar VA, Bridges SR. Selective effects of different antioxidants on oxidation of lipoproteins from rats. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med. 1998 Sep;218(4):376-81. 2. Benzie IF, Szeto YT, Strain JJ, Tomlinson B. Consumption of green tea causes rapid increase in plasma antioxidant power in humans. Nutr Cancer. 1999;34(1):83-7. 3. Dulloo AG, Duret C, Rohrer D, Girardier L, Mensi N, Fathi M, Chantre P, Vandermander J. Efficacy of a green tea extract rich in catechin polyphenols and caffeine in increasing 24-h energy expenditure and fat oxidation in humans. Am J Clin Nutr. 1999 Dec;70(6):1040-5. 4. Dulloo AG, Seydoux J, Girardier L, Chantre P, Vandermander J. Green tea and thermogenesis: interactions between catechin-polyphenols, caffeine and sympathetic activity. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 2000 Feb;24(2):252-8. 5. Graham HN. Green tea composition, consumption, and polyphenol chemistry. Prev Med. 1992 May;21(3):334-50. 6. Gupta S, Ahmad N, Mohan RR, Husain MM, Mukhtar H. Prostate cancer chemoprevention by green tea: in vitro and in vivo inhibition of testosterone-mediated induction of ornithine decarboxylase. Cancer Res. 1999 May 1;59(9):2115-20. 7. Hasegawa R, Chujo T, Sai-Kato K, Umemura T, Tanimura A, Kurokawa Y. Preventive effects of green tea against liver oxidative DNA damage and hepatotoxicity in rats treated with 2-nitropropane. Food Chem Toxicol. 1995 Nov;33(11):961-70. 8. Hirose M, Hoshiya T, Akagi K, Futakuchi M, Ito N. Inhibition of mammary gland carcinogenesis by green tea catechins and other naturally occurring antioxidants in female Sprague-Dawley rats pretreated with 7,12-dimethylbenz[alpha]anthracene. Cancer Lett. 1994 Aug 15;83(1-2):149-56. 9. Kao YH, Hiipakka RA, Liao S. Modulation of endocrine systems and food intake by green tea epigallocatechin gallate. Endocrinology. 2000 Mar;141(3):980-7. 10. Lin JK, Liang YC, Lin-Shiau SY. Cancer chemoprevention by tea polyphenols through mitotic signal transduction blockade. Biochem Pharmacol. 1999 Sep 15;58(6):911-5. 11. Muramatsu K, Fukuyo M, Hara Y. Effect of green tea catechins on plasma cholesterol level in cholesterol-fed rats. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo). 1986 Dec;32(6):613-22. 12. Sato D. Inhibition of urinary bladder tumors induced by N-butyl-N-(4-hydroxybutyl)-nitrosamine in rats by green tea. Int J Urol. 1999 Feb;6(2):93-9. 13. Satoh K, Sakagami H. Ascorbyl radical scavenging activity of polyphenols. Anticancer Res. 1996 Sep-Oct;16(5A):2885-90. 14. Sayama K, Lin S, Zheng G, Oguni I. Effects of green tea on growth, food utilization and lipid metabolism in mice. In Vivo. 2000 Jul-Aug;14(4):481-4. 15. Schubert SY, Lansky EP, Neeman I. Antioxidant and eicosanoid enzyme inhibition properties of pomegranate seed oil and fermented juice flavonoids. J Ethnopharmacol. 1999 Jul;66(1):11-7. 16. Tanaka H, Hirose M, Kawabe M, Sano M, Takesada Y, Hagiwara A, Shirai T. Post-initiation inhibitory effects of green tea catechins on 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene-induced mammary gland carcinogenesis in female Sprague-Dawley rats. Cancer Lett. 1997 Jun 3;116(1):47-52. 17. Wang ZY, Huang MT, Ho CT, Chang R, Ma W, Ferraro T, Reuhl KR, Yang CS, Conney AH. Inhibitory effect of green tea on the growth of established skin papillomas in mice. Cancer Res. 1992 Dec 1;52(23):6657-65. 18. Weisburger JH, Rivenson A, Aliaga C, Reinhardt J, Kelloff GJ, Boone CW, Steele VE, Balentine DA, Pittman B, Zang E. Effect of tea extracts, polyphenols, and epigallocatechin gallate on azoxymethane-induced colon cancer. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med. 1998 Jan;217(1):104-8. 19. Xu Y, Ho CT, Amin SG, Han C, Chung FL. Inhibition of tobacco-specific nitrosamine-induced lung tumorigenesis in A/J mice by green tea and its major polyphenol as antioxidants. Cancer Res. 1992 Jul 15;52(14):3875-9. 20. Yang TT, Koo MW. Chinese green tea lowers cholesterol level through an increase in fecal lipid excretion. Life Sci. 2000;66(5):411-23. 21. Yang TT, Koo MW. Hypocholesterolemic effects of Chinese tea. Pharmacol Res. 1997 Jun;35(6):505-12. 22. Zhu M, Gong Y, Ge G. Effects of green tea on growth inhibition and immune regulation of Lewis lung cancer in mice. Chung Hua Yu Fang I Hsueh Tsa Chih. 1997 Nov;31(6):325-9. 23. Khan SG, et al.: Enhancement of antioxidant and phase II enzymes by oral feeding of green tea polyphenols in drinking water to SKH-1 hairless mice: Possible role in cancer chemoprevention. Cancer Res 52- 4050-4052, 1992.   Green Tea Ingredient, EGCG, Significantly Inhibits Breast Cancer Growth In Female Mice ScienceDaily (Apr. 8, 2008) — Green tea is high in the antioxidant EGCG (epigallocatechin-3- gallate) which helps prevent the body’s cells from becoming damaged and prematurely aged. Studies have suggested that the combination of green tea and EGCG may also be beneficial by providing protection against certain types of cancers, including breast cancer. A new study conducted by researchers at the University of Mississippi researchers now finds that consuming EGCG significantly inhibits breast tumor growth in female mice. These results bring us one step closer to better understanding the disease and potentially new and naturally occurring therapies.  The Study Epidemiological studies suggest that green tea and its major constituent, EGCG, can provide some protection against cancer. Because these studies were very limited, the anti-cancer mechanism of green tea and EGCG was not clear. As a result, the researchers examined whether drinking EGCG (just the antioxidant infused in water) inhibited the following: expression of VEGF (vascular endothelial growth factor, which is found in a variety of breast cancer types); tumor angiogenesis (thought to help tumors expand by supplying them with nutrients); and the growth of breast cancer in female mice. Seven week old female mice were given EGCG (25 mg/50 ml) in drinking water for five weeks (approximately 50-100 mg/kg/day.) The control mice received regular drinking water. In the second week of the study mouse breast cancer cells were injected in the left fourth mammary glands of the mice. Tumor size was monitored by measuring the tumor cross section area (TCSA). Tumors were eventually isolated and measured for tumor weight, intratumoral microvessel (IM) density (using staining), and VEGF protein levels (using ELISA). At the end of the five week period the researchers found that oral consumption of EGCG caused significant decreases in TCSA (66%), tumor weight (68%), IM density 155±6 vs.111±20 IM#mm^2) and VEGF protein levels (59.0±3.7 vs. 45.7±1.4 pg/mg) in the breast tumors vs. the control mice, respectively (N=8; P<0.01).  Further, VEGF plasma levels were lower in EGCG mice than in control mice (40.8±3.5 vs. 26.5±3.8 pg/ml P< 0.01).< /FONT> The study was conducted by Jian-Wei Gu, Emily Young, Jordan Covington, James Wes Johnson, and Wei Tan, all of the Department of Physiology & Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS. Dr. Gu will present his team’s findings, entitled, Oral Administration of EGCG, an Antioxidant Found in Green Tea, Inhibits Tumor Angiogenesis and Growth of Breast Cancer in Female Mice, at the  121st Annual Meeting of the American Physiological Society, part of the Experimental Biology 2008 scientific conference. Dr. Gu, the senior researcher for the study, hypothesized that the reason for the link between EGCG and the reductions in the cancer data was because EGCG directly targets both tumor blood vessels and tumor cells of breast cancer for suppressing the new blood vessels formation in breast tumor, the proliferation and migration of breast cancer cells. Gu concluded by saying, “In this study we have demonstrated that the frequent ingestion of EGCG significantly inhibits breast tumor growth, VEGF expression and tumor angiogenesis in mice. We believe our findings will help lead to new therapies for the prevention and treatment of breast cancer in women.”   The Miracle of Green Tea "Better to be deprived of food for three days, than tea for one." (Ancient Chinese Proverb) Is any other food or drink reported to have as many health benefits as green tea? The Chinese have known about the medicinal benefits of green tea since ancient times, using it to treat everything from headaches to depression. In her book Green Tea: The Natural Secret for a Healthier Life, Nadine Taylor states that green tea has been used as a medicine in China for at least 4,000 years. Today, scientific research in both Asia and the west is providing hard evidence for the health benefits long associated with drinking green tea. For example, in 1994 the Journal of the National Cancer Institute published the results of an epidemiological study indicating that drinking green tea reduced the risk of esophageal cancer in Chinese men and women by nearly sixty percent. University of Purdue researchers recently concluded that a compound in green tea inhibits the growth of cancer cells. There is also research indicating that drinking green tea lowers total cholesterol levels, as well as improving the ratio of good (HDL) cholesterol to bad (LDL) cholesterol. To sum up, here are just a few medical conditions in which drinking green tea is reputed to be helpful: Sponsored Links Genuine Japanese TeaWe have Tea Farm in Kyoto, Japan. We are proud of Quality and Value.www.hibiki-an.com/ Buying Green Tea?Look no further than Teaworld! Huge Range, Fast Delivery + Sampleswww.Teaworld.co.uk/green-teas Rooibos TeaNatural, Flavoured or Green Rooibos Superb Quality. Buy now!www.biedouwtea.co.uk/ourshop/ cancer rheumatoid arthritis high cholesterol levels cariovascular disease infection impaired immune function What makes green tea so special? The secret of green tea lies in the fact it is rich in catechin polyphenols, particularly epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG). EGCG is a powerful anti-oxidant: besides inhibiting the growth of cancer cells, it kills cancer cells without harming healthy tissue. It has also been effective in lowering LDL cholesterol levels, and inhibiting the abnormal formation of blood clots. The latter takes on added importance when you consider that thrombosis (the formation of abnormal blood clots) is the leading cause of heart attacks and stroke. Links are being made between the effects of drinking green tea and the "French Paradox." For years, researchers were puzzled by the fact that, despite consuming a diet rich in fat, the French have a lower incidence of heart disease than Americans. The answer was found to lie in red wine, which contains resveratrol, a polyphenol that limits the negative effects of smoking and a fatty diet. In a 1997 study, researchers from the University of Kansas determined that EGCG is twice as powerful as resveratrol, which may explain why the rate of heart disease among Japanese men is quite low, even though approximately seventy-five percent are smokers. Why don't other Chinese teas have similar health-giving properties? Green, oolong, and black teas all come from the leaves of the Camellia sinensis plant. What sets green tea apart is the way it is processed. Green tea leaves are steamed, which prevents the EGCG compound from being oxidized. By contrast, black and oolong tea leaves are made from fermented leaves, which results in the EGCG being converted into other compounds that are not nearly as effective in preventing and fighting various diseases. Other Benefits New evidence is emerging that green tea can even help dieters. In November, 1999, the American Journal of Clinical Nutrition published the results of a study at the University of Geneva in Switzerland. Researchers found that men who were given a combination of caffeine and green tea extract burned more calories than those given only caffeine or a placebo. Green tea can even help prevent tooth decay! Just as its bacteria-destroying abilities can help prevent food poisoning, it can also kill the bacteria that causes dental plaque. Meanwhile, skin preparations containing green tea - from deodorants to creams - are starting to appear on the market.   Green tea From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation, search This article is about the type of tea. For the 2003 Chinese film, see Green Tea (film) . This article contains Chinese text. Without proper rendering support , you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Chinese characters . This article contains Japanese text. Without proper rendering support , you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of kanji and kana. Green tea leaves steeping in an uncovered gaiwan Genmaicha Green tea from Japan Green tea is a type of tea made solely with the leaves of Camellia sinensis that has undergone minimal oxidation during processing. Green tea originates from China and has become associated with many cultures in Asia from Japan to the Middle East . Recently, it has become more widespread in the West, where black tea is traditionally consumed. Many varieties of green tea have been created in countries where it is grown. These varieties can differ substantially due to variable growing conditions, processing and harvesting time. Over the last few decades green tea has been subjected to many scientific and medical studies to determine the extent of its long-purported health benefits, with some evidence suggesting regular green tea drinkers may have lower chances of heart disease and developing certain types of cancer.[1] Green tea has also been claimed as useful for " weight loss management"[citation needed] - a claim with no scientific support according to medical databases such as PubMed[citation needed]. Contents [hide] 1 Chinese tea 1.1 Hunan Province 1.2 Zhejiang Province 1.3 Jiangsu Province 1.4 Fujian Province 1.5 Hubei Province 1.6 Henan Province 1.7 Jiangxi Province 1.8 Anhui Province 2 Japanese green teas 3 Other green teas 4 Brewing 5 Caffeine 6 Health effects 6.1 History 6.2 Unproven claims 6.3 United States Food and Drug Administration 6.4 Scientific studies 6.5 Drug Interactions 7 Safety 8 See also 9 References 10 Literature 11 External links  Chinese tea  Hunan Province Junshan Yinzhen (Silver Needle tea), known as one of the ten most famous Chinese Teas, is one variety of White Tea. It is also known as a silver needle tea as is Bai Hao Yinzhen tea. It is cultivated on Junshan Island, Yueyang City, Hunan Provice. Zhejiang Province Zhejiang is home to the most famous of all teas, Xi Hu Longjing, as well as many other high-quality green teas. ?? Longjing The most well-known of famous Chinese teas from Hangzhou, whose name in Chinese means dragon well. It is pan-fired and has a distinctive flat appearance. Falsification of Longjing is very common, and most of the tea on the market is in fact produced in Sichuan Province[citation needed] and hence not authentic Longjing. Hui Ming Named after a temple in Zhejiang. Long Ding A tea from Kaihua County known as Dragon Mountain. Hua Ding A tea from Tiantai County and named after a peak in the Tiantai mountain range. Qing Ding A tea from Tian Mu, also known as Green Top. ? Gunpowder A popular tea also known as zhuchá. It originated in Zhejiang but is now grown elsewhere in China.  Jiangsu Province A plate of Bi Luo Chun tea, from Jiangsu Province in China. ??? Bi Luo Chun A Chinese famous tea also known as Green Snail Spring, from Dong Ting. As with Longjing, falsification is common and most of the tea marketed under this name may, in fact, be grown in Sichuan. Rain Flower A tea from Nanjing. Shui Xi Cui Bo  Fujian Province Camellia Sinensis, the tea plant The Fujian Province is known for mountain-grown organic green tea as well as white and oolong teas. The coastal mountains provide a perfect growing environment for tea growing. Green tea is picked in spring and summer seasons. Famous tea varieties from this south-eastern region of mainland China include Mao Feng ("fur tip"), Cui Jian ("jade sword") and Mo Li Hua Cha ("dragon pearl") green teas as well as Bai Mu Dan (white peony) white tea and Ti Kwan Yin ("iron goddess") oolong tea. Green tea is heat-cured using ovens or dings; white tea is fast-dried; oolong tea is oxidized through carefully-controlled fermentation.  Hubei Province Yu Lu A steamed tea known as Gyokuro (Jade Dew) made in the Japanese style. [edit] Henan Province An example of a slightly higher grade of Chinese green tea, called Mao Jian. ???? Xin Yang Mao Jian A Chinese famous tea also known as Green Tip, or Tippy Green.  Jiangxi Province Chun Mee Name means "precious eyebrows"; from Jiangxi, it is now grown elsewhere. Gou Gu Nao A well-known tea within China and recipient of numerous national awards. Yun Wu A tea also known as Cloud and Mist.  Anhui Province Anhui Province is home to several varieties of tea, including three Chinese famous teas. These are: ?? Da Fang A tea from Mount Huangshan also known as Big Square suneet. ???? Huangshan Maofeng A Chinese famous tea from Mount Huang. ???? Lu'An Guapian A Chinese famous tea also known as Melon Seed. ?? Hou Kui A Chinese famous tea also known as Monkey tea. ?? Tun Lu A tea from Tunxi District. ?? Huo Qing A tea from Jing County, also known as Fire Green. Hyson A medium-quality tea from many provinces, an early-harvested tea. Japanese green teas Japanese green tea Genmaicha green tea Green tea (??, Ryokucha?) is ubiquitous in Japan and therefore is more commonly known simply as "tea" (??, ocha?). It is even referred to as "Japanese tea" (???, nihoncha?) though it was first used in China during the Song Dynasty, and brought to Japan by Myoan Eisai, a Japanese Buddhist priest who also introduced the Rinzai school of Zen Buddhism. Types of tea are commonly graded depending on the quality and the parts of the plant used as well as how they are processed. There are large variations in both price and quality within these broad categories, and there are many specialty green teas that fall outside this spectrum. The best Japanese green tea is said to be that from the Yame region of Fukuoka Prefecture and the Uji region of Kyoto. Shizuoka Prefecture produces 40% of raw tea leaf. Bancha (???, coarse tea) Lower grade of Sencha harvested as a third or fourth flush tea between summer and autumn. Aki-Bancha (autumn Bancha) is not made from entire leaves, but from the trimmed unnecessary twigs of the tea plant. Genmaicha (????, brown rice tea) Bancha (sometimes Sencha) and roasted genmai (brown rice) blend. It is often mixed with a small amount of Matcha to make the color better. Gyokuro (???, Jade Dew) The highest grade Japanese green tea cultivated in special way. Gyokuro's name refers to the pale green color of the infusion. The leaves are grown in the shade before harvest, which alters their flavor. Hojicha (????, roasted tea) A green tea roasted over charcoal. Kabusecha (???, covered tea) Kabusecha is sencha, the leaves of which have grown in the shade prior to harvest, although not for as long as Gyokuro. It has a more delicate flavor than Sencha. Kamairicha tea (????, pan-fried tea) Kamairicha is a pan-fried green tea that does not undergo the usual steam treatments of Japanese tea and does not have the characteristic bitter taste of most Japanese tea. Kukicha (???, stalk tea) A tea made from stems, stalks, and twigs. Kukicha has a mildly nutty, and slightly creamy sweet flavor. Matcha (???, powdered tea) A fine ground tea made from tencha ( ???). It has a very similar cultivation process as Gyokuro. It is used primarily in the tea ceremony. Matcha is also a popular flavor of ice cream and other sweets in Japan. Mecha (???, buds and tips tea) Mecha is green tea derived from a collection of leaf buds and tips of the early crops. Mecha is harvested in spring and made as rolled leaf teas that are graded somewhere between Gyokuro and Sencha in quality. Sencha (???, broiled tea) The first and second flush of green tea, which is the most common green tea in Japan made from leaves that are exposed directly to sunlight. The first flush is also called shincha (???, a new tea) and specially long steamed leaves mushicha (????). Tamaryokucha (????, lit. ball green tea) Tamaryokucha has a tangy, berry-like taste, with a long almondy aftertaste and a deep aroma with tones of citrus, grass, and berries. Other green teas Green tea from Ceylon Kahwah Brewing Generally, 2 grams of tea per 100ml of water, or about one teaspoon of green tea per 5 ounce cup (150ml), should be used. With very high quality teas like gyokuro, more than this amount of leaf is used, and the leaf is steeped multiple times for short durations. Green tea brewing time and temperature varies with individual teas. The hottest brewing temperatures are 180°F to 190°F (81°C to 87°C) water and the longest steeping times 2 to 3 minutes. The coolest brewing temperatures are 140°F to 160°F (61°C to 69°C) and the shortest times about 30 seconds. In general, lower quality green teas are steeped hotter and longer, while higher quality teas are steeped cooler and shorter. Steeping green tea too hot or too long will result in a bitter, astringent brew for low quality leaves. High quality green teas can be and usually are steeped multiple times; 2 or 3 steepings is typical. The brewing technique also plays a very important role to avoid the tea developing an overcooked taste. Preferably, the container in which the tea is steeped or teapot should also be warmed beforehand so that the tea does not immediately cool down. Caffeine Unless specifically decaffeinated, green tea contains caffeine.[2] Normal green tea itself may contain more caffeine than coffee, but the length of infusion with hot water and the number of times the leaves are reused can greatly alter caffeine intake.[2] Experiments have shown after the first 5 minutes of brewing, green tea contains 32 mg caffeine.[2] But if the same leaves are then used for a second and then a third five minute brew, the caffeine drops to 12 mg and then 4 mg, respectively.[2] While coffee and tea are both sources of caffeine, the amounts of caffeine in any single serving of these beverages varies significantly. An average serving of coffee contains the most caffeine, yet the same serving size of tea provides only 1/2 to 1/3 as much.[3] One of the more confusing aspects of caffeine content is the fact that coffee contains less caffeine than tea when measured in its dry form. The caffeine content of a prepared cup of coffee is significantly higher than the caffeine content of a prepared cup of tea.[4] Green teas contain two caffeine metabolites (caffeine-like substances): theophylline, which is stronger than caffeine, and theobromine, which is slightly weaker than caffeine.[citation needed] Health effects Main article: Health effects of tea Green tea contains polyphenols which are thought to improve health, particularly catechins, the most abundant of which is epigallocatechin gallate. In vitro and animal studies as well as preliminary observational and clinical studies of humans suggest that green tea can reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease and cancer as well as beneficially impact bone density, cognitive function, dental cavities, and kidney stones. However, the human studies are sometimes mixed and inconsistent.[5] Green tea also contains carotenoids, tocopherols, ascorbic acid (vitamin C), minerals such as chromium, manganese, selenium or zinc, and certain phytochemical compounds. It is a more potent antioxidant than black tea,[5] although black tea has substances which green tea does not such as theaflavin. Green tea consumption is associated with reduced heart disease in epidemiological studies. Animal studies have found that it can reduce cholesterol. However, several small, brief human trials found that tea consumption did not reduce cholesterol in humans. In 2003 a randomized clinical trial found that a green tea extract with added theaflavin from black tea reduced cholesterol.[6] In a study performed at Birmingham (UK) University, it was shown that average fat oxidation rates were 17% higher after ingestion of green tea Extract than after ingestion of a placebo.[7] Similarly the contribution of fat oxidation to total energy expenditure was also significantly higher by a similar percentage following ingestion of green tea extract. This implies that ingestion of green tea extract can not only increase fat oxidation during moderately intensive exercise but also improve insulin sensitivity and glucose tolerance in healthy young men. A recent study looked at the effects of short term green tea consumption on a group of students between the ages of 19- 37. Participants were asked not to alter their diet and to drink 4 cups of green tea per day for 14 days. The results showed that short term consumption of commercial green tea reduces systolic and diastolic Blood Pressure, fasting total cholesterol, body fat and body weight. These results suggest a role for green tea in decreasing established potential cardiovascular risk factors. This study also suggests that reductions may be more pronounced in the overweight population where a significant proportion are obese and have a high risk of cardiovascular disease.[8] In a study performed at the Technion, it was shown that the main antioxidant polyphenol of green tea extract, EGCG, when fed to mice induced with Parkinson's and Alzheimer's disease, helped to protect brain cells from dying, as well as 'rescuing' already damaged neurons in the brain, a phenomenon called neurorescue or neurorestoration. The findings of the study, led by Dr. Silvia Mandell, were presented at the Fourth International Scientific Symposium on Tea and Human Health in Washington D.C., in 2007. Resulting tests underway in China, under the auspices of the Michael J. Fox Foundation, are being held on early Parkinson's patients.[9] In a recent case-control study of the eating habits of 2,018 women, consumption of mushrooms and green tea was linked to a 90% lower occurrence of breast cancer.[10] History Tea consumption had its origin in China more than 4000 years ago.[11] Green tea has been used as both a beverage and a method of traditional medicine in most of Asia, including China, Japan, Vietnam, Korea, India and Thailand, to help everything from controlling bleeding and helping heal wounds to regulating body temperature, blood sugar and promoting digestion. The Kissa Yojoki (Book of Tea), written by Zen priest Eisai in 1191, describes how drinking green tea can have a positive effect on the five vital organs, especially the heart. The book discusses tea's medicinal qualities, which include easing the effects of alcohol, acting as a stimulant, curing blotchiness, quenching thirst, eliminating indigestion, curing beriberi disease, preventing fatigue, and improving urinary and brain function. Part One also explains the shapes of tea plants, tea flowers, and tea leaves, and covers how to grow tea plants and process tea leaves. In Part Two, the book discusses the specific dosage and method required for individual physical ailments. Unproven claims Green tea has been credited with providing a wide variety of health benefits, many of which have not been validated by scientific evidence. These claims and any for which academic citations are currently missing are listed here: Stopping certain neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's. The prevention and treatment of cancer.[12][13] Treating multiple sclerosis.[14] Preventing the degradation of cell membranes by neutralizing the spread of free radicals which occur during oxidation process.[15][dubious – discuss] Reducing the negative effects of LDL cholesterol (bad cholesterol) by lowering levels of triglycerides and increasing the production of HDL cholesterol (good cholesterol). Joy Bauer, a New York City nutritionist, says [the catechins in green tea] increase levels of the metabolism speeding brain chemical norepinephrine (noradrenaline). Japanese researchers claim that drinking five cups of green tea a day can burn 70 to 80 extra calories. Dr. Nicholas Perricone, a self-proclaimed anti-aging specialist, appeared on The Oprah Winfrey Show and told Oprah's viewers they can lose 10 lbs (4.5 kg) in 6 weeks drinking green tea instead of coffee. Some green tea lovers commonly restrict their intake because of the stimulants it contains — equivalent to about a third the amount of caffeine as is found in coffee[4][dubious – discuss]. Too much caffeine can cause nausea, insomnia, or frequent urination.[16] United States Food and Drug Administration The article Tea: A Story of Serendipity[17] appeared in the March 1996 issue of the United States Food and Drug Administration Consumer Magazine and looked at the potential benefits of green tea. At that time the FDA had not done any reviews of the potential benefits of green tea and were waiting to do so until health claims were filed. The FDA have since denied two petitions to make qualified health claims as to the health benefits of green tea.[18] On June 30, 2005, in response to "Green Tea and Reduced Risk of Cancer Health Claim", the FDA stated: "FDA concludes that there is no credible evidence to support qualified health claims for green tea consumption and a reduced risk of gastric, lung, colon/rectal, esophageal, pancreatic, ovarian, and combined cancers. Thus, FDA is denying these claims. However, FDA concludes that there is very limited credible evidence for qualified health claims specifically for green tea and breast cancer and for green tea and prostate cancer, provided that the qualified claims are appropriately worded so as to not mislead consumers." [19] On May 9, 2006, in response to "Green Tea and Reduced Risk of Cardiovascular Disease", the FDA concluded "there is no credible evidence to support qualified health claims for green tea or green tea extract and a reduction of a number of risk factors associated with CVD." [20] However in October 2006, the FDA approved an ointment based on green tea. New Drug Application (NDA) number N021902, for kunecatechins ointment 15% (proprietary name Veregen) was approved on October 31, 2006,[21] and added to the "Prescription Drug Product List" in October 2006.[22] Kunecatechins ointment is indicated for the topical treatment of external genital and perianal warts.[23] Scientific studies According to research reported at the Sixth International Conference on Frontiers in Cancer Prevention, sponsored by the American Association for Cancer Research, a standardized green tea polyphenol preparation (Polyphenon E) limits the growth of colorectal tumors in rats treated with a substance that causes the cancer. "Our findings show that rats fed a diet containing Polyphenon E are less than half as likely to develop colon cancer," Dr. Hang Xiao, from the Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy at Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, noted in a statement. A 2006 study published in the September 13 issue of the Journal of the American Medical Association concluded "Green tea consumption is associated with reduced mortality due to all causes and due to cardiovascular disease but not with reduced mortality due to cancer." The study, conducted by the Tohoku University School of Public Policy in Japan, followed 40,530 Japanese adults, ages 40–79, with no history of stroke, coronary heart disease, or cancer at baseline beginning in 1994. The study followed all participants for up to 11 years for death from all causes and for up to 7 years for death from a specific cause. Participants who consumed 5 or more cups of tea per day had a 16 percent lower risk of all-cause mortality and a 26 percent lower risk of cardiovascular disease ("CVD") than participants who consumed less than one cup of tea per day. The study also states, "If green tea does protect humans against CVD or cancer, it is expected that consumption of this beverage would substantially contribute to the prolonging of life expectancy, given that CVD and cancer are the two leading causes of death worldwide."[24] [25] A study in the February 2006 edition of the American Journal of Clinical Nutrition concluded "A higher consumption of green tea is associated with a lower prevalence of cognitive impairment in humans."[26][27][dubious – discuss] In May 2006, researchers at Yale University School of Medicine weighed in on the issue with a review article that looked at more than 100 studies on the health benefits of green tea. They pointed to what they called an "Asian paradox," which refers to lower rates of heart disease and cancer in Asia despite high rates of cigarette smoking. They theorized that the 1.2 liters of green tea that is consumed by many Asians each day provides high levels of polyphenols and other antioxidants. These compounds may work in several ways to improve cardiovascular health, including preventing blood platelets from sticking together (This anticoagulant effect is the reason doctors warn surgical patients to avoid green tea prior to procedures that rely on a patient's clotting ability) and improving cholesterol levels, said the researchers, whose study appeared in the May issue of the Journal of the American College of Surgeons. Specifically, green tea may prevent the oxidation of LDL cholesterol (the "bad" type), which, in turn, can reduce the buildup of plaque in arteries, the researchers wrote.[28] A study published in the August 22, 2006 edition of Biological Psychology looked at the modification of the stress response via L-Theanine, a chemical found in green tea. It "suggested that the oral intake of L-Theanine could cause anti-stress effects via the inhibition of cortical neuron excitation."[29] In a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial conducted by Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, 240 adults were given either theaflavin-enriched green tea extract in form of 375 mg capsule daily or a placebo. After 12 weeks, patients in the tea extract group had significantly less low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and total cholesterol (16.4% and 11.3% lower than baseline, p<0.01) than the placebo group. The author concluded that theaflavin-enriched green tea extract can be used together with other dietary approaches to reduce LDL-C. A study published in the January, 2005 edition of the American Journal of Clinical Nutrition concluded "Daily consumption of tea containing 690 mg catechins for 12 wk reduced body fat, which suggests that the ingestion of catechins might be useful in the prevention and improvement of lifestyle-related diseases, mainly obesity." [30] According to a Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine study published in the April 13 2005 issue of the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, antioxidants in green tea may prevent and reduce the severity of rheumatoid arthritis. The study examined the effects of green tea polyphenols on collagen-induced arthritis in mice, which is similar to rheumatoid arthritis in humans. In each of three different study groups, the mice given the green tea polyphenols were significantly less likely to develop arthritis. Of the 18 mice that received the green tea, only eight (44 percent) developed arthritis. Among the 18 mice that did not receive the green tea, all but one (94 percent) developed arthritis. In addition, researchers noted that the eight arthritic mice that received the green tea polyphenols developed less severe forms of arthritis. A German study found that an extract of green tea and hot water (filtered), applied externally to the skin for 10 minutes, three times a day could help people with skin damaged from radiation therapy (after 16–22 days).[31] A study published in the December 1999 American Journal of Clinical Nutrition found that "Green tea has thermogenic properties and promotes fat oxidation beyond that explained by its caffeine content per se. The green tea extract may play a role in the control of body composition via sympathetic activation of thermogenesis, fat oxidation, or both."[32] In lab tests, EGCG, found in green tea, was found to prevent HIV from attacking T-Cells. However, it is not yet known if this has any effect on humans.[33] A study in the August, 2003 issue of a new potential application of Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences found that "a new potential application of (–)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate [a component of green tea] in prevention or treatment of inflammatory processes is suggested" [34] However, pharmacological and toxicological evidence does indicate that green tea polyphenols can in fact cause oxidative stress and liver toxicity in vivo at certain concentrations.[35] This would imply that consumers should exercise caution when consuming herbal products produced from concentrated green tea extract. Other evidence presented in the review cautions against the drinking of green tea by pregnant women.[36] Drug Interactions A 2009 study at the University of Southern California using mouse models showed that several of the polyphenolic ingredients of green tea, such as EGCG, can bind with the anticancer drug bortezomib, significantly reducing its bioavailability and thereby rendering it therapeutically useless.[37] This chemical reaction between EGCG and bortezomib is highly specific and depends on the presence of a boronic acid functional group in the bortezomib molecule. Dr. Schönthal, who headed the study, suggests that consumption of green tea, concentrated green tea extract, and other green tea products (such as EGCG capsules) be strongly contraindicated for patients undergoing bortezomib treatment.[38] Safety Main article: Epigallocatechin gallate#Drug Interations In 2008 the US Pharmacopeia reviewed the safety. It found 216 case reports, 34 on liver damage, of which 27 were categorized as possible and 7 were categorized as probable. Potential for adverse effects is increased when extracts are used, particularly on an empty stomach.[39] See also Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Green tea Chinese tea culture Japanese tea ceremony Potential effects of tea on health Reactive oxygen species Yellow tea Korean tea White tea References ^ "Green Tea’s Cancer-fighting Allure Becomes More Potent". http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2003/08/030805072109.htm.  ^ a b c d http://www.medicinalfoodnews.com/vol10/2006/green_tea ^ Caffeine & Health: Clarifying the Controversies, IFIC Review, 2007 ^ http://www.stashtea.com/caffeine.htm ^ a b Cabrera C, Artacho R, Giménez R (April 2006). "Beneficial effects of green tea--a review". J Am Coll Nutr 25 (2): 79–99. PMID 16582024. http://www.jacn.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=16582024.  ^ Maron DJ, Lu GP, Cai NS, et al. (June 2003). "Cholesterol-lowering effect of a theaflavin-enriched green tea extract: a randomized controlled trial". Arch. Intern. Med. 163 (12): 1448–53. doi:10.1001/archinte.163.12.1448. PMID 12824094. http://archinte.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/full/163/12/1448.  ^ "Green tea extract ingestion, fat oxidation, and glucose tolerance in healthy humans". Vol. 87, No. 3. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. March 2008. pp. 778-784. http://www.ajcn.org/cgi/content/abstract/87/3/778. Retrieved 2008-10-25.  ^ [1] ^ [2] ^ Zhang, M (2009). "Dietary intakes of mushrooms and green tea combine to reduce the risk of breast cancer in Chinese women.". International Journal of Cancer (International Journal of Cancer (Online)) 124 (6): 1404–1408. doi:10.1002/ijc.24047. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19048616.  ^ About.com. The History of Tea - Tea Bags and Makers ^ The combination of green tea and tamoxifen is effe...[Carcinogenesis. 2006] - PubMed Result ^ BBC news - 17 March 2009 - green tea may have the power to ward off breast cancer ^ A New Function of Green Tea: Prevention of Lifestyle-related Diseases - Sueoka et al. 928 (1): 274 - Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences ^ Green Tea Health Benefits ^ ACS :: Green Tea ^ Tea: A Story of Serendipity ^ Qualified health claim definition - Medical Dictionary definitions of popular medical terms easily defined on MedTerms ^ US FDA/CFSAN - Letter Responding to Health Claim Petition dated January 27, 2004: Green Tea and Reduced Risk of Cancer Health Claim (Docket number 2004Q-0083) ^ US FDA/CFSAN - Qualified Health Claims: Letter of Denial - Green Tea and Reduced Risk of Cardiovascular Disease (Docket No. 2005Q-0297) ^ CDER New Molecular Entity (NME) Drug and New Biologic Approvals in Calendar Year 2006 ^ Prescription and Over-the-Counter Drug Product List: 10/2006 ^ http://www.fda.gov/cder/foi/label/2006/021902lbl.pdf ^ JAMA - Abstract: Green Tea Consumption and Mortality Due to Cardiovascular Disease, Cancer, and All Causes in Japan: The Ohsaki Study, September 13, 2006, Kuriyama et al. 296 (10): 1255 ^ http://www.denverpost.com/nationworld/ci_4326770 Article in the Denver Post ^ Green tea consumption and cognitive function: a cross-sectional study from the Tsurugaya Project 1 - Kuriyama et al. 83 (2): 355 - American Journal of Clinical Nutrition ^ Green tea could protect against Alzheimer's ^ Green Tea and the “Asian Paradox” ^ L-Theanine reduces psychological and physiological...[Biol Psychol. 2007] - PubMed Result ^ Ingestion of a tea rich in catechins leads to a reduction in body fat and malondialdehyde-modified LDL in men - Nagao et al. 81 (1): 122 - American Journal of Clinical Nutrition ^ Studies: Green Tea May Help Prolong Life, Senay: Research Also Shows Benefits For Skin, Few Drawbacks - CBS News ^ Efficacy of a green tea extract rich in catechin polyphenols and caffeine in increasing 24-h energy expenditure and fat oxidation in humans - Dulloo et al. 70 (6): 1040 - American Journal of Clinical Nutrition ^ Green Tea Blocks HIV in Test Tubes ^ SpringerLink - Journal Article ^ [3] Lambert, J.D., et al., (2007) Possible Controversy over Dietary Polyphenols: Benefits vs Risks, Chem Res Toxicol ^ Strick et al. (2000). "Dietary bioflavonoids induce cleavage in the MLL gene and may contribute to infant leukemia.". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 97: 4790-4795. PMID 10758153. http://www.pnas.org/content/97/9/4790.abstract.  ^ Golden, E. (2009). "Green tea polyphenols block the anticancer effects of bortezomib and other boronic acid-based proteasome inhibitors.". Blood 113: 5927–5937. doi:10.1182/blood-2008-07-171389. PMID 19190249.  ^ Neith, Katie. "Green tea blocks benefits of cancer drug, study finds". http://www.usc.edu/uscnews/stories/16226.html. Retrieved 2009-02-04.  ^ Sarma DN, Barrett ML, Chavez ML, et al. (2008). "Safety of green tea extracts : a systematic review by the US Pharmacopeia". Drug Saf 31 (6): 469–84. doi:10.2165/00002018-200831060-00003. PMID 18484782. http://www.drugsafety.adisonline.com/pt/re/drs/fulltext.00002018-200831060-00003.htm;jsessionid=J81YxCnjct76DjB2STGgngMCsJn3FLqPxvmL6GJjjT7phpHTTyq2!928310026!181195629!8091!-1#P157.  Literature Master Lam Kam Cheun et al. (2002). The way of tea. Gaia Books. ISBN 1856751430.  External links Green Tea (an overview from the University of Maryland Medical Center) Green Tea and Body Shape (overview from the Lipton Institute of Tea) Green Tea's cancer fighting potential (Audio interview)   Green Tea – Everything You Need To Know Most people understand that Green Tea, and green tea supplements are good for us – but ask anyone why it is good for us, and they probably won’t have an answer. Indeed, it has long been general knowledge that green tea provides support to the human body – and this is backed up scientifically. In this article, however, we will provide you with more substantial information – so that you can actually understand how green tea works, and exactly what it has been proven to do. Benefits of Green Tea. Let’s start with the health benefits of green tea. There are numerous benefits which can be had from the consumption (regular consumption) of the substance. Currently, scientific testing has revealed the following: - reduction in heart disease. - reduction in bad cholesterol. - increase in metabolic rate / fat oxidization. - prevention of the death of brain cells – meaning less chance of Alzheimer’s or Parkinson’s diseases. - lower incidence of cancers. - helps in weight loss. As you can see – the potential health benefits from just drinking a cup of green tea can be tremendous. However, these benefits are not felt at their maximum level, until you begin to consume large amounts of green tea every day. For an adult, this would amount to around 8 cups per day. To get around this, health food companies are now producing supplements with green tea as the active ingredient. By providing green tea in supplement form, a person is able to reduce the need for multiple cups of green tea every day, whilst maximizing their intake of green tea extract. Generally, one green tea supplements tablets or serving will give you around about 8 cups worth of the vital polyphenols which are contained in green tea. Don’t know what a polyphenol is? Let’s get into the science of green tea now. The Science of Green Tea. As we previously said, many people know that green tea is good for you, but they don’t know how it actually works or provides the health benefits that it does. Therefore, a scientific breakdown of green tea is necessary, so that you can fully understand the way in which green tea interacts with the body. The most important component of green tea is something called a polyphenol – which is a substance also known as a catechin. It is generally understood that the consumption of polyphenols are able to improve your health in numerous ways such as with the factors listed above. The way that green tea acts with the cells on a biological level is complex. All you need to know is that the polyphenols act to strengthen immune and body cells, whilst weakening intruder cells and cancerous / tumor cells. The effectiveness will be clear. It means that the body is now stronger and more able to fight off the diseases caused by the opposite. Make your own green tea < home